Fraud

‘Preponderance’ Replaced ‘Clear and Convincing’ on Adoption of the Bankruptcy Code

The Seventh Circuit explained how preponderance of the evidence became the standard of proof for turnovers and dischargeability when the Bankruptcy Code replaced the Bankruptcy Act.

Supreme Court Argument: Can Real Estate Tax Foreclosure Violate the Takings Clause?

Eighteenth century ‘history and tradition’ might govern the constitutionality of real estate tax foreclosures where the government retains sale proceeds in excess of unpaid taxes.

Lack of Reliance on Representation Isn’t a Defense to a Constructive Fraudulent Transfer

Damages for a constructively fraudulent transfer were the difference between what the buyer paid and what the business was really worth, based on accurate income and expenses.

“Oh No, We Have a Fraud — What Now?”