Lifestyles of the Rich and Bankrupt

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Sep 2000

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Over the past two years, we have analyzed nearly 4,000 no-asset chapter 7 cases filed in 84 districts
nationwide.<a href="#2" name="2a">2</a> Our research, along with that of other researchers who have looked at a quantity of chapter
7 petitions, has shown that the typical chapter 7 debtor has a relatively low income and relatively high
unsecured debts, mostly credit card debt.

Of course, not all debtors fit this general description. A small proportion of debtors have rather high
incomes and/or enormous debt levels. In this article, we look at the extreme cases from our sample—the
upper one percent of chapter 7 debtors based on various debt, income and expense criteria.

The following table shows certain key debt, income and expense figures at four levels:

<ol>
<li>the average for all no-asset chapter 7 debtors;

</li><li>the median (50th percentile) for all no-asset chapter 7 debtors;

</li><li>the cutoff point for inclusion in the top one percent. Since we have a total of 3,893 cases in our sample, this is the value of the 39th highest case.

</li><li>the average for the 39 cases that make up the top one percent in our sample.
</li></ol>

We did separate sorts to determine the top one percent of cases in each of the eight income, debt and
expense categories listed in the table. Although many cases were in the top one percent in more than one
category, nearly 4 percent of our sample cases made the top one percent in at least one of the listed
categories.

The one percent of debtors with the highest general unsecured debt accounted for about 20 percent of all reported unsecured debt.
</center></big>
<hr>
</blockquote></blockquote>

Average debt levels for the upper one percent of cases were more than 12 times the average for all
debtors, and more than 20 times the national median. Income and expense levels for the upper one percent
were about five times the national average and six times the national median. The large difference for the
debt figures between the threshold for the upper one percent and the average for the upper one percent
reflects the influence of a few cases with enormous debt (for example, one debtor reported more than $7
million in total debt).

<center><table cellpadding="5">
<tbody><tr>
<th nowrap="nowrap">Category</th>
<th nowrap="nowrap">All Debtors Average</th>
<th nowrap="nowrap">All Debtors Median</th>
<th nowrap="nowrap">Upper 1% (threshold)</th>
<th nowrap="nowrap">Upper 1% Average</th>

</tr>

<tr>
<td>Secured Debt</td>
<td>$38,760</td>
<td>$9,500</td>
<td>$268,299</td>
<td>$477,176</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Priority Debt</td>

<tr>
<td>Unsecured Debt</td>
<td>$40,564</td>
<td>$23,628</td>

<tr>
<td>Total Debt</td>
<td>$82,852</td>
<td>$44,377</td>
<td>$515,376</td>
<td>$1,116,527</td>

</tr>

<tr>
<td>Gross Income</td>
<td>$27,324</td>
<td>$23,484</td>
<td>$93,852</td>
<td>$132,588</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td nowrap="nowrap">Adjusted Gross Income1</td>

<tr>
<td>Net Income2</td>
<td>$21,444</td>
<td>$18,672</td>

<tr>
<td>Total Expenses</td>
<td>$24,324</td>
<td>$21,228</td>
<td>$81,540</td>
<td>$139,344</td>

</tr>

<tr><td colspan="5">
1 We define adjusted gross income here as gross income from Schedule I less alimony and support payments and business expenses reported on Schedule J.

2 Net income is as reported on the bottom line of Schedule I.</td></tr>
</tbody></table></center>

<h3>Type of Unsecured Debt</h3>

The one percent of debtors with the highest general unsecured debt accounted for about 20 percent
of all reported unsecured debt. If our sample outliers are representative, the unsecured debt of the upper
one percent nationwide is about $8 billion per year. Although all of the cases in our sample were filed
as non-business cases, in 27 of the 39 cases with the highest unsecured debt the majority of the debt was
business-related. Usually the petition indicated that the debtor was personally responsible for debts from
a failed business. Of the 12 remaining outliers, eight were the result of a deficiency or personal
judgement, and one each resulted from medical, credit card,<a href="#3" name="3a">3</a> tax and unknown debts.

Although the 39 outliers had relatively high credit card debt ($32,051 on average), this category
accounted for less than 4 percent of their total unsecured debt. Much of the credit card debt reported by the
outliers was clearly incurred to subsidize the operation of a money-losing business.

<h3>Outliers by State</h3>

Debtors filing in California constituted about one-sixth of the cases in our sample, but nearly one-third
of the debtors fell in the top one percent in the debt, income and expense categories. Among the 11 other
states for which we reviewed at least 100 cases, New Jersey had about twice the volume of outliers that
would be expected, while Indiana, Michigan and Ohio had less than one-half the outliers that would be
expected based on the volume of cases reviewed.

<h3>Treatment Under Means Testing</h3>

At first glance, it might appear that under means testing as currently proposed, filings similar to these
outliers would either be found abusive or converted to chapter 13. We believe that this would be the
outcome in only a small portion of the cases and that most would be allowed to remain in chapter 7. Many
involve debts arising from the operation of a business, so the means-testing provisions would not be
applicable. Other debtors would be able to demonstrate an inability to fund a chapter 13 plan. Of the
remaining cases, some would exceed the chapter 13 debt limits so they would not be candidates for
conversion (but might be forced into personal chapter 11 filings or out of bankruptcy altogether).

<hr>
<h3>Footnotes</h3>

<a name="1">1</a> All views expressed in this article are those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Executive Office for U.S. Trustees or the Department of Justice. <a href="#1a">Return to article</a>

<a name="2">2</a> Our studies do not include any cases filed in Alabama and North Carolina, which are served by bankruptcy administrators. <a href="#2a">Return to article</a>

<a name="3">3</a> The petition of the debtors who reported credit card debt as the highest category made interesting reading. Somehow, the debtors had managed
to incur more than $237,000 in debt on 30 credit cards. Both debtors had stable incomes, and there was no evidence of serious
medical problems or other catastrophe affecting their family. The husband had been a shoe salesman for 17 years, and the wife had managed
a restaurant for 7 years. Their combined take-home pay was a little under $3,200 per month. Schedule B of their petition was probably
one of the more detailed Schedule Bs in the history of bankruptcy, listing such items as 250 books, 47 hand tools, 39 towels, 23
posters, 23 knick-knacks, 13 office supplies and a basketball pole. The total value of all the personal items listed on Schedule B was
only about $4,000, so it was not clear how they had incurred the remaining $233,000 in credit card charges. Application of the
provisions in the proposed legislation revealed that these debtors would be eligible for chapter 7 under means testing. <a href="#3a">Return to article</a>

Journal Authors

Edward M. Flynn

Gordon Bermant

Journal Date

Friday, September 1, 2000 - 12:00