Tort claims are usually unliquidated, but a contract claim is liquidated if it’s precisely determinable by agreement or operation of law, Judge Lori Vaughan says.

Judge Vaughan explains why a foreign debtor isn’t required to have a presence in the U.S. before the debtor’s foreign representatives can win recognition under chapter 15.

Although disqualified and removed for an undisclosed conflict, the trustee was not removed in all other cases.

The oversight of a distribution by a chapter 7 trustee (and the attendant expense) isn’t required when a debtor liquidates the assets in Subchapter V of chapter 11.