Following the ratification of the Constitution in 1788, Benjamin Franklin famously wrote that “[o]ur new Constitution is now established, and has an appearance that promises permanency; but in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.”[1] Franklin’s second certainty is assured by the Constitution’s Taxing Clause,[2] which the Supreme Court has concluded “is exhaustive and embraces every conceivable power of taxation.”[3] But what good i